Ethical dilemmas arising from the tactics and technologies used in cyber warfare

Abstract

Studying the ethical dilemmas that arise from the tactics and technologies used in cyber warfare lies in a phenomenon that redefines the dynamics of armed conflict. It is not only about breaching digital systems, but also about exposing populations to risks that affect fundamental rights such as security, health, and life. In this sense, reflecting on the ethical and legal dimension of cyber warfare becomes crucial to prevent technology from turning into a lawless arena, where technical efficiency prevails over universal human values, undermining the validity of International Humanitarian Law and the basic principles of justice and equity. It is concluded that ethical dilemmas in cyber warfare are complex, since the use of offensive technologies can affect civilians and compromise the integrity of critical infrastructures, highlighting the urgency of clear and universal criteria. The international regulatory framework at times hinders the attribution of responsibilities and the effective application of International Humanitarian Law, evidencing the need to articulate ethical principles while respecting human rights and state sovereignty, in order to build a precise and responsible international framework capable of addressing the challenges of cybersecurity and cyber warfare.